ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI: American National Standards Institute ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: American Petroleum Institute 
ASTM: ʻO ka American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ma mua ka International Association for Testing Materials (IATM).I nā makahiki 1880, i mea e hoʻoholo ai i nā manaʻo a me nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea kūʻai aku a me nā mea hoʻolako i ke kaʻina o ke kūʻai ʻana a kūʻai aku i nā mea ʻenehana, ua manaʻo kekahi poʻe e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana komite ʻenehana, a ua hoʻonohonoho ke komite ʻenehana i nā ʻelele mai nā ʻano āpau e komo i nā symposiums ʻenehana. e kūkākūkā a hoʻoholo i nā kikoʻī mea pili., nā kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo a me nā pilikia hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻē aʻe.Ua mālama ʻia ka hālāwai IATM mua ma ʻEulopa i ka makahiki 1882, kahi i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ke kōmike hana.
ASME: Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) i ka makahiki 1880. I kēia lā, ua lilo ia i hui hoʻonaʻauao a me kaʻenehana waiwaiʻole me kaʻoi aku o 125,000 mau lālā ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.Ma muli o ka ulu ʻana o ke ʻano interdisciplinary o ke kahua ʻenekinia, hāʻawi pū nā puke ASME i ka ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻenehana ʻokiʻoki ma waena o nā hoʻopaʻi.ʻO nā kumuhana i uhi ʻia: ʻenehana kumu, hana, hoʻolālā ʻōnaehana, etc.
ANSI: Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka American National Standards Institute i ka makahiki 1918. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻomaka mua nā ʻoihana a me nā hui ʻenehana loea i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hana standardization, akā nui nā kūʻē a me nā pilikia ma muli o ka nele o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i waena o lākou.I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi hou ai i ka maikaʻi, manaʻoʻiʻo nā haneli o nā hui ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana, nā hui a me nā hui he mea pono e hoʻokumu i kahi hui standardization kūikawā a hoʻokumu i nā kūlana laulā hui.
API: ʻO ka API ka pōkole o ka American Petroleum Institute.ʻIke ʻia i ka makahiki 1919, ʻo API ka hui ʻoihana mua loa ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a ʻo kekahi o nā keʻena kālepa hoʻonohonoho kūlana mua loa a kūleʻa i ka honua.
ʻO nā kuleana kūpono ʻo ASTM ka mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kūlana no nā hiʻohiʻona a me ka hana o nā mea, nā huahana, nā ʻōnaehana a me nā lawelawe, a me ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka ʻike pili.Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kūlana ASTM e nā komite ʻenehana a hoʻolālā ʻia e nā hui hana maʻamau.ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau a me nā puke penei:
(1) Nā huahana kila
(2) Nā metala non-ferrous
(3) Nā ʻano hoʻāʻo a me nā kaʻina hana loiloi no nā mea metala
(4) Nā mea hana
(5) ʻO nā huahana aila, nā lubricants a me nā wahie mineral
(6) Nā pena, nā uhi pili a me nā mea ʻala
(7) Nā lole lole a me nā mea hana
(8) palaki
(9) Lapa
(10) Nā insulators uila a me nā huahana uila
(11) Ka Wai a me ka ʻenehana Kaiapuni
(12) Ka ikehu nukelea, ikehu lā
(13) Nā lako lapaʻau a me nā lawelawe
(14) Nā mea hana a me nā ʻano hoʻokolohua maʻamau
(15) Nā huahana ʻoihana maʻamau, nā kemika kūikawā a me nā mea hoʻohana
ANSI: He hui hoʻonaʻauao aupuni ʻole ka American National Standards Institute.Akā, ua lilo maoli ia i kikowaena hoʻonaʻauao aupuni;
ʻAʻole hoʻomohala ʻo ANSI i nā kūlana.ʻO ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kāna maʻamau ANSI e hoʻohana nui i nā ʻano hana ʻekolu:
1. Na nā pūʻulu pili i ke kākau ʻana, kono i nā loea a i ʻole nā hui ʻoihana e koho balota, a waiho i nā hopena i ka hālāwai loiloi maʻamau i hoʻokumu ʻia e ANSI no ka loiloi a ʻae ʻia.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano he koho balota.
2. Nā Lunamakaʻāinana o nā komite ʻenehana ANSI a me nā komite i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā hui ʻē aʻe e kākau i nā kikoʻī maʻamau, i koho ʻia e nā lālā o ke komite a pau, a nānā ʻia a ʻae ʻia e ke komite loiloi maʻamau.Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano ʻo ke ʻano komite.
3. Mai nā kūlana i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā hui ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā hui, ua hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻia ka poʻe i ʻoi aʻe a koʻikoʻi nui i ka ʻāina i nā kūlana aupuni (ANSI) ma hope o ka loiloi ʻia e nā komite ʻenehana ANSI a kapa ʻia ʻo ANSI nā code standard a me ka helu helu. akā i ka manawa like e mālama i ke code maʻamau ʻoihana kumu.
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kūlana o ka American National Standards Institute e hele mai i nā kūlana ʻoihana.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hui ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā hui ke hoʻokumu i kekahi mau kūlana huahana e pili ana i nā kūlana aupuni.ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokumu i kāu mau hui ponoʻī ʻaʻole e like me nā kūlana aupuni.ʻO nā kūlana ANSI he manawaleʻa.Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huahana.Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā maʻamau i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā kānāwai a i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā keʻena aupuni he mau maʻamau koi.
ASME: Hoʻoikaika nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana i ka ʻenekinia mechanical a me nā ʻoihana pili, e paipai ana i ka noiʻi kumu, hoʻolaha i nā hoʻololi hoʻonaʻauao, hoʻomohala i ka launa pū ʻana me nā ʻenekinia a me nā hui ʻē aʻe, e hana ana i nā hana standardization, a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kikoʻī mechanical a me nā kūlana.Mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana, ua alakaʻi ʻo ASME i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kūlana mechanical, a ua hoʻomohala ʻoi aku ma mua o 600 mau kūlana mai ka maʻamau thread kumu a hiki i kēia manawa.I ka makahiki 1911, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā Boiler Machinery Directive, a ua hoʻolaha ʻia ka Directive Machinery mai 1914 a i 1915. Ma hope mai, ua hui pū ʻia ke kuhikuhi me nā kānāwai o nā mokuʻāina like ʻole a me Kanada.Ua lilo ʻo ASME i ʻoihana ʻenekinia honua ma mua o ka ʻenehana, hoʻonaʻauao a me ka noiʻi.
API: He hui hoʻonohonoho maʻamau i ʻike ʻia e ANSI.ʻO kāna hoʻonohonoho maʻamau e pili ana i nā alakaʻi kaʻina hana hoʻomohala a ANSI.Hoʻomohala a hoʻopuka pū ʻo API i nā kūlana me ASTM.Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kūlana API, ʻaʻole wale i hāpai ʻia e nā ʻoihana ma Kina, akā e nā kānāwai federal a me nā mokuʻāina ma United States.Nā hoʻoponopono a me nā keʻena aupuni e like me ke Keʻena ʻOihana, Department of Defense, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, etc., a ua hoʻohana ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa e ISO, International Organization for Legal Metrology a ʻoi aku. ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau kūlana aupuni i ʻōlelo ʻia.API: Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā maʻamau, ʻaʻole i ʻae wale ʻia e nā ʻoihana ma Kina, akā i ʻōlelo ʻia e nā kānāwai a me nā kānāwai o ka mokuʻāina a me ka mokuʻāina ʻo US, a me nā keʻena aupuni e like me ke Keʻena ʻOihana, ke Keʻena Defence, ka Occupational Safety and Health Administration. , ka US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, a me ka US Geological Survey.A ua ʻōlelo ʻia hoʻi e ISO, International Organization of Legal Metrology a ʻoi aku ma mua o 100 mau kūlana aupuni a puni ka honua.
ʻokoʻa a me ka pilina:Hoʻopiha kēia mau pae ʻehā i kekahi i kekahi a aʻo mai kekahi i kekahi.No ka laʻana, ʻo nā maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ASME ma nā ʻōlelo o nā mea e hele mai ana mai ASTM, ʻo nā maʻamau ma nā valves e pili ana i ka API, a ʻo nā maʻamau o nā paipu paipu mai ANSI.Aia ka ʻokoʻa i ka manaʻo like ʻole o ka ʻoihana, no laila ʻokoʻa nā kūlana i hāpai ʻia.ʻO API, ASTM, a me ASME nā lālā a pau o ANSI.ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kūlana o ka American National Standards Institute e hele mai i nā kūlana ʻoihana.Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā hui ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā hui ke hoʻokumu i kekahi mau kūlana huahana e pili ana i nā kūlana aupuni.ʻOiaʻiʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokumu i kāu mau hui ponoʻī ʻaʻole e like me nā kūlana aupuni.ʻAʻole hana ʻo ASME i nā hana kikoʻī, a aneane pau nā hoʻokolohua a me nā hana hoʻolālā e hoʻopau ʻia e ANSI a me ASTM.ʻIke wale ʻo ASME i nā kikoʻī no kāna hoʻohana ponoʻī ʻana, no laila ʻike pinepine ʻia nā helu maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ka ʻike like.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mar-27-2023