ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials ANSI: American National Standards Institute ASME: American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: American Petroleum Institute 
Chithunzi cha ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) kale inali International Association for Testing Materials (IATM).M'zaka za m'ma 1880, pofuna kuthetsa malingaliro ndi kusiyana pakati pa ogula ndi ogulitsa pogula ndi kugulitsa zipangizo zamafakitale, anthu ena adaganiza zokhazikitsa dongosolo la komiti yaumisiri, ndipo komiti yaumisiri inakonza oimira mbali zonse kuti athe kutenga nawo mbali pazokambirana zaumisiri. kukambirana ndi kuthetsa zofunikira zakuthupi., njira zoyesera ndi nkhani zina zotsutsana.Msonkhano woyamba wa IATM unachitikira ku Ulaya mu 1882, pomwe komiti yogwira ntchito inakhazikitsidwa.
ASME: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) inakhazikitsidwa ku 1880. Masiku ano lakhala bungwe lapadziko lonse lopanda phindu la maphunziro ndi luso lomwe lili ndi mamembala oposa 125,000 padziko lonse lapansi.Chifukwa chakukula kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yaumisiri, zofalitsa za ASME zimaperekanso chidziwitso pamatekinoloje apamwamba pamaphunziro onse.Mitu yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi: uinjiniya woyambira, kupanga, kapangidwe kazinthu, ndi zina.
ANSI: American National Standards Institute inakhazikitsidwa mu 1918. Panthawiyo, makampani ambiri ndi magulu aukadaulo aukadaulo ku United States anali atayamba kale ntchito yokhazikika, koma panali zotsutsana ndi zovuta zambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pawo.Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo bwino, mabungwe ambiri a sayansi ndi zamakono, mabungwe ndi magulu onse amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa bungwe lapadera lokhazikika ndikukhazikitsa miyezo yogwirizana.
API: API ndi chidule cha American Petroleum Institute.Yakhazikitsidwa mu 1919, API ndiye bungwe loyamba lazamalonda ku United States komanso limodzi mwazinthu zoyambirira komanso zopambana kwambiri zamalonda padziko lonse lapansi.
Maudindo osiyanasiyana ASTM imagwira ntchito makamaka pakupanga miyezo yamakhalidwe ndi magwiridwe antchito a zida, zinthu, machitidwe ndi ntchito, komanso kufalitsa zidziwitso zofananira.Miyezo ya ASTM imapangidwa ndi makomiti aukadaulo ndikulembedwa ndi magulu ogwirira ntchito.Gulu lokhazikika ndi ma voliyumu ndi awa: Gulu:
(1) Zinthu zachitsulo
(2) Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo
(3) Njira zoyesera ndi njira zowunikira zinthu zachitsulo
(4) Zida zomangira
(5) Mafuta amafuta, mafuta ndi mafuta amchere
(6) Utoto, zokutira zogwirizana ndi mankhwala onunkhira
(7) Zovala ndi zipangizo
(8) pulasitiki
(9) Mpira
(10) Ma insulators amagetsi ndi zinthu zamagetsi
(11) Zamakono Zamadzi ndi Zachilengedwe
(12) Mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu ya dzuwa
(13) Zida zamankhwala ndi ntchito
(14) Zida ndi njira zoyesera
(15) Zogulitsa zonse zamafakitale, mankhwala apadera ndi zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito
ANSI: American National Standards Institute ndi gulu lopanda phindu lomwe silili ndi boma.Koma kwenikweni wakhala dziko standardization pakati;
ANSI payokha nthawi zambiri sapanga miyezo.Kukonzekera kwa muyezo wake wa ANSI kumatengera njira zitatu izi:
1. Magawo oyenerera ali ndi udindo wokonza, kuitanira akatswiri kapena magulu a akatswiri kuti avotere, ndikupereka zotsatira ku msonkhano wowunikira wokhazikika wokhazikitsidwa ndi ANSI kuti awunikenso ndi kuvomereza.Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuvota.
2. Oimira makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI ndi makomiti opangidwa ndi mabungwe ena amalemba zolemba zovomerezeka, zovoteledwa ndi mamembala onse a komiti, ndipo pomaliza adawunikiridwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi komiti yowunikira.Njira imeneyi imatchedwa njira ya komiti.
3. Kuchokera pamiyezo yopangidwa ndi mabungwe ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, omwe ali okhwima komanso ofunika kwambiri kudziko amakwezedwa ku miyezo ya dziko (ANSI) pambuyo powunikiridwa ndi makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI ndikutchulidwa ngati ma code a ANSI ndi nambala yamagulu, koma nthawi yomweyo sungani code yoyambira yaukadaulo.
Miyezo yambiri ya American National Standards Institute imachokera ku miyezo yaukadaulo.Kumbali ina, mabungwe ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amathanso kupanga milingo ina yazinthu kutengera zomwe zilipo kale mdziko.Zachidziwikire, mutha kupanganso mayanjano anuanu osati molingana ndi mayiko.Miyezo ya ANSI ndi yodzifunira.United States imakhulupirira kuti miyezo yovomerezeka imatha kuchepetsa zokolola.Komabe, miyezo yotchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi yopangidwa ndi madipatimenti aboma nthawi zambiri imakhala yovomerezeka.
ASME: Amagwira ntchito makamaka pa chitukuko cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo mu uinjiniya wamakina ndi magawo ena ofananira nawo, kulimbikitsa kafukufuku woyambira, kulimbikitsa kusinthana kwamaphunziro, kukulitsa mgwirizano ndi uinjiniya ndi mabungwe ena, kuchita ntchito zofananira, ndikupanga mawonekedwe amakina ndi miyezo.Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ASME yatsogolera kukulitsa miyezo yamakina, ndipo yapanga miyezo yopitilira 600 kuchokera pa ulusi woyambirira mpaka pano.Mu 1911, Komiti Yoyendetsera Boiler Machinery Directive inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo Machinery Directive inalengezedwa kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1915. Pambuyo pake, malangizowo anaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi Canada.ASME yakhala bungwe la uinjiniya wapadziko lonse lapansi makamaka pankhani zaukadaulo, maphunziro ndi kafukufuku.
API: Ndi bungwe lokhazikika lomwe limadziwika ndi ANSI.Makhazikitsidwe ake okhazikika amatsatira malangizo a ANSI ogwirizanitsa ndi chitukuko.API imapanganso limodzi ndikusindikiza miyezo ndi ASTM.Miyezo ya API imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, osati kungotengedwa ndi mabizinesi ku China, komanso ndi malamulo a federal ndi boma ku United States.Malamulo ndi mabungwe aboma monga department of Transportation, department of Defense, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, US Geological Survey, ndi zina zambiri, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito padziko lonse lapansi ndi ISO, International Organisation for Legal Metrology ndi zina zambiri. kuposa 100 dziko mfundo zotchulidwa.API: Miyezo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, osati kungotengedwa ndi mabizinesi ku China, komanso kutchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a federal ndi boma la US, komanso mabungwe aboma monga dipatimenti yamayendedwe, dipatimenti yachitetezo, Occupational Safety and Health Administration. , US Customs, Environmental Protection Agency, ndi US Geological Survey.Ndipo imanenedwanso ndi ISO, International Organisation of Legal Metrology ndi mitundu yopitilira 100 padziko lonse lapansi.
Kusiyana ndi kugwirizana:Miyezo inayiyi imathandizana ndi kuphunzira kuchokera kwa wina ndi mzake.Mwachitsanzo, miyezo yomwe ASME imatengera pazinthu zonse zimachokera ku ASTM, miyezo ya ma valve nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza ku API, ndipo miyezo yopangira mapaipi imachokera ku ANSI.Kusiyanitsa kuli pamalingaliro osiyanasiyana amakampani, kotero kuti miyezo yokhazikitsidwa ndi yosiyana.API, ASTM, ndi ASME onse ndi mamembala a ANSI.Miyezo yambiri ya American National Standards Institute imachokera ku miyezo yaukadaulo.Kumbali ina, mabungwe ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amathanso kupanga milingo ina yazinthu kutengera zomwe zilipo kale mdziko.Zachidziwikire, mutha kupanganso mayanjano anuanu osati molingana ndi mayiko.ASME sichita ntchito yeniyeni, ndipo pafupifupi zoyeserera zonse ndi ntchito zopanga zimamalizidwa ndi ANSI ndi ASTM.ASME imangozindikira zomwe imagwiritsa ntchito, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti manambala obwerezabwereza amakhala ofanana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-27-2023