I-ASTM: Umbutho waseMelika woVavanyo kunye neZixhobo ze-ANSI: Iziko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ASME: Umbutho waseMelika weeNjineli zoomatshini API: Iziko lePetroleum laseMelika 
I-ASTM: I-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) yayiyi-International Association for Testing Materials (IATM).Kwi-1880s, ukuze kulungiswe iimbono kunye nokungafani phakathi kwabathengi kunye nabanikezeli kwinkqubo yokuthenga nokuthengisa izinto zoshishino, abanye abantu bacetywayo ukuseka inkqubo yekomiti yobugcisa, kwaye ikomiti yobugcisa iququzelele abameli abavela kuzo zonke iinkalo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwiingqungquthela zobugcisa. ukuxoxa kunye nokusombulula iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zemathiriyeli., iinkqubo zovavanyo kunye neminye imiba ephikisanayo.Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-IATM yabanjwa eYurophu ngo-1882, apho kwasekwa ikomiti esebenzayo.
ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (i-American Society of Mechanical Engineers) yasungulwa kwi-1880. Namhlanje ibe yintlangano yamazwe ngamazwe yezemfundo kunye nezobugcisa kunye namalungu angaphezu kwe-125,000 emhlabeni jikelele.Ngenxa yokukhula kobunjineli kwinkalo yobunjineli, upapasho lwe-ASME lukwabonelela ngolwazi kubuchwephesha obuphuma phambili kuzo zonke iinkalo.Izifundo ezigutyungelwayo zibandakanya: ubunjineli obusisiseko, ukuvelisa, ukuyila inkqubo, njl.
I-ANSI: Iziko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika yasekwa ngowe-1918. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi kunye namaqela obugcisa obuchwephesha eUnited States ayesele eqalile umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukho ukuphikisana kunye neengxaki ezininzi ngenxa yokungabikho kolungelelwaniso phakathi kwazo.Ukuze kuphuculwe ngakumbi ukusebenza kakuhle, amakhulu eenzululwazi kunye nezobuchwepheshe, imibutho kunye namaqela onke akholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuseka umbutho okhethekileyo wokulinganisa kunye nokwenza imigangatho jikelele edibeneyo.
API: I-API sisishunqulelo se-American Petroleum Institute.Yasekwa ngo-1919, i-API liqumrhu lokuqala lesizwe lamashishini e-United States kwaye lelinye lawona magumbi okuqala kunye neyona mpumelelo yokuseta umgangatho worhwebo kwihlabathi.
Uxanduva olufanelekileyo I-ASTM ibandakanyeka ikakhulu kuphuhliso lwemigangatho yeempawu kunye nokusebenza kwezinto, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo, kunye nokusasazwa kolwazi olunxulumeneyo.Imigangatho ye-ASTM iphuhliswa ziikomiti zobugcisa kwaye iyilwe ngamaqela asebenzayo asemgangathweni.Nangona imigangatho ye-ASTM iyimigangatho equlunqwe ngamaqela emfundo angekho semthethweni.Okwangoku, imigangatho ye-ASTM yahlulwe yangamacandelo ali-15 (Amacandelo) kwaye ipapashwe ngokwemiqulu (Volume).Ukuhlelwa okusemgangathweni kunye nemiqulu ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Ukuhlelwa:
(1) Iimveliso zentsimbi
(2) Iintsimbi ezingenayo i-ferrous
(3) Iindlela zokuvavanya kunye neenkqubo zokuhlalutya kwizinto zetsimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Iimveliso zepetroleum, izithambiso kunye nezibaso zezimbiwa
(6) Iipeyinti, iileyiti ezinxulumeneyo kunye neekhompawundi ezinuka kamnandi
(7) Iimpahla kunye nezixhobo
(8) iplastiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Ii-insulators zombane kunye neemveliso zombane
(11) UbuChwephesha baManzi nokusiNgqongileyo
(12) Amandla enyukliya, amandla elanga
(13) Izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkonzo
(14) Izixhobo kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ngokubanzi
(15) Iimveliso zemizi-mveliso ngokubanzi, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo
I-ANSI: Iziko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika liqela elingenzi nzuzo lokubeka emgangathweni elingekho phantsi kukarhulumente.Kodwa eneneni iye yaba liziko lomgangatho wesizwe;
I-ANSI ngokwayo ayifane iphuhlise imigangatho.Ukulungiswa komgangatho wayo we-ANSI ikakhulu kwamkela ezi ndlela zintathu zilandelayo:
1. Iiyunithi ezichaphazelekayo zinoxanduva lokuyila, ukumema iingcali okanye amaqela eengcali ukuba avote, kwaye angenise iziphumo kwintlanganiso yokuphonononga okusemgangathweni osekwe yi-ANSI ukuze ihlaziywe kwaye ivunywe.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi-polling.
2. Abameli beekomiti zobugcisa be-ANSI kunye neekomiti eziququzelelwe yiminye imibutho abayila iidrafti ezisemgangathweni, bavotelwe ngamalungu onke ekomiti, kwaye ekugqibeleni bahlaziywa kwaye bavunywa yikomiti yokuhlola umgangatho.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yekomiti.
3. Ukususela kwimigangatho equlunqwe yimibutho eyahlukeneyo yeengcali kunye nemibutho, ezo zikhulile kwaye zibaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe zikhuthazwa kwimigangatho yesizwe (ANSI) emva kokuphononongwa ziikomiti zobugcisa ze-ANSI kwaye zibizwe njengeekhowudi ze-ANSI kunye nenombolo yokuhlelwa, kodwa kwangaxeshanye gcina ikhowudi esemgangathweni yobuchwephesha.
Uninzi lwemigangatho yeZiko lemiGangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali.Kwelinye icala, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yeengcali kunye nemibutho inokuqulunqa imigangatho yemveliso ethile ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho ekhoyo yelizwe.Ewe kunjalo, unokuqulunqa eyakho imigangatho yombutho hayi ngokwemigangatho yelizwe.Imigangatho ye-ANSI yeyokuzithandela.I-United States ikholelwa ukuba imigangatho enyanzelekileyo inokunciphisa ingeniso yemveliso.Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho ekhankanyiweyo yimithetho kwaye yaqulunqwa ngamasebe karhulumente ngokuqhelekileyo yimigangatho enyanzelekileyo.
I-ASME: Ikakhulu ibandakanyeka kuphuhliso lwenzululwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe kubunjineli boomatshini kunye nemimandla ehambelana nayo, ukukhuthaza uphando olusisiseko, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngezifundo, ukuphuhlisa intsebenziswano kunye nobunye ubunjineli kunye nemibutho, ukwenza imisebenzi yokubeka emgangathweni, kunye nokuqulunqa ukucaciswa koomatshini kunye nemigangatho.Ukususela ekusekweni kwayo, i-ASME ikhokele uphuhliso lwemigangatho yoomatshini, kwaye iphuhlise imigangatho engaphezu kwama-600 ukusuka kumgangatho wokuqala wentambo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.Ngowe-1911, kwasekwa iKomiti yokuLawula uMatshini weBoiler, yaye iMachinery Directive yabhengezwa ukususela ngowe-1914 ukusa kowe-1915. Kamva, lo myalelo wadityaniswa nemithetho yamazwe awahlukahlukeneyo neKhanada.I-ASME iye yaba liziko lobunjineli behlabathi ngokubanzi kwicandelo letekhnoloji, imfundo kunye novavanyo.
I-API: Yintlangano yokumisela umgangatho eyaziwayo yi-ANSI.Ukumiselwa kwayo okusemgangathweni kulandela imigaqo ye-ANSI yokulungelelanisa kunye nophuhliso lwenkqubo.I-API iphinda iphuhlise ngokudibeneyo kwaye ipapashe imigangatho nge-ASTM.Imigangatho ye-API isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kungekhona nje ukwamkelwa ngamashishini e-China, kodwa kunye nemithetho ye-federal kunye ne-state e-United States.Imimiselo kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, uKhuseleko eMsebenzini kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo, i-US Customs, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo, i-US Geological Survey, njl. ngaphezu kwe-100 lemigangatho yesizwe ecatshulweyo.I-API: Imigangatho isetyenziswa ngokubanzi, kungekhona nje kuphela eyamkelwa ngamashishini e-China, kodwa ikhankanywe yimithetho kunye nemimiselo ye-US federal kunye ne-state, kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ezifana neSebe lezoThutho, iSebe lezoKhuselo, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration. , i-US Customs, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo, kunye ne-US Geological Survey.Kwaye ikwacatshulwe yi-ISO, i-International Organisation of Legal Metrology kunye nemigangatho yelizwe engaphezulu kwe-100 kwihlabathi liphela.
Umahluko kunye noQhagamshelo:Le migangatho mine iyaphelelisana kwaye ifundana.Ngokomzekelo, imigangatho eyamkelwa yi-ASME ngokwezinto eziphathekayo zonke zivela kwi-ASTM, imigangatho kwiivalve ikakhulu ibhekisela kwi-API, kwaye imigangatho yokufakelwa kwemibhobho ivela kwi-ANSI.Umahluko ulele kugxininiso olwahlukileyo lweshishini, ngoko ke imigangatho eyamkelweyo yahlukile.I-API, i-ASTM, kunye ne-ASME zonke ngamalungu e-ANSI.Uninzi lwemigangatho yeZiko lemiGangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ivela kwimigangatho yobungcali.Kwelinye icala, imibutho eyahlukeneyo yeengcali kunye nemibutho inokuqulunqa imigangatho yemveliso ethile ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho ekhoyo yelizwe.Ewe kunjalo, unokwenza eyakho imigangatho yombutho hayi ngokwemigangatho yelizwe.I-ASME ayenzi umsebenzi othile, kwaye phantse yonke imifuniselo kunye nomsebenzi wokuqulunqa igqitywe yi-ANSI kunye ne-ASTM.I-ASME ibona kuphela iinkcukacha zosetyenziso lwayo, ngoko ke isoloko ibonwa ukuba amanani aphindwayo aqhelekileyo angomxholo ofanayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-27-2023