Ishubhu yensimbi ye-ASTM A214 iyishubhu yensimbi yensimbi engamelana nogesi ukuze isetshenziswe kuma-heater, ama-condensers, kanye nezinto ezifanayo zokudlulisa ukushisa.Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa kumashubhu ensimbi anobubanzi obungaphandle obungekho ngaphezu kuka-3in [76.2mm].
Ngokuvamile osayizi bamapayipi ensimbi bayasebenzahhayi mkhulu kuno-3in [76.2mm].
Abanye osayizi bepayipi lensimbi le-ERW bangase banikezwe, inqobo nje uma leli payipi lihlangabezana nazo zonke ezinye izidingo zalokhu kucaciswa.
Izinto ezinikezwe ngaphansi kwalokhu kushiwo zizohambisana nezidingo ezisebenzayo zohlelo lwamanje lwe-Specification A450/A450M.ngaphandle uma kuhlinzekwe ngenye indlela lapha.
Amashubhu azokwenziwa ngui-electric-resistance welding (ERW).
Ngezindleko zayo eziphansi zokukhiqiza, ukunemba okuphezulu kwe-dimensional, amandla amahle kakhulu kanye nokuqina, kanye nokuguquguquka komklamo, ipayipi lensimbi le-ERW seliphenduke into ethandwayo yohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zamapayipi ezimbonini, ubunjiniyela bezakhiwo, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemiklamo yengqalasizinda.
Ngemva kokushisela, wonke amashubhu kufanele aphathwe ngokushisisa ezingeni lokushisa elingu-1650°F [900°] noma ngaphezulu futhi alandelwe ukupholisa emoyeni noma ekamelweni lokupholisa lesithando somlilo esilawulwayo.
Amashubhu adonswa ngokubanda kufanele alashwe ngemva kokudlula kokugcina okubandayo ezingeni lokushisa elingu-1200°F [650°C] noma ngaphezulu.
| C(Ikhabhoni) | UMn(Manganese) | P(Phosphorus) | S(Isibabule) |
| ubuningi 0.18% | 0.27-0.63 | ubuningi 0.035% | ubuningi 0.035% |
Akuvumelekile ukunikeza amamaki ensimbi ye-alloy efuna ngokukhethekile ukwengezwa kwanoma iyiphi i-elementi ngaphandle kwalawo asohlwini.
Izidingo zemishini azisebenzi kumashubhu anobubanzi bangaphakathi obungaphansi kuka-0.126 ku-[3.2 mm] noma ugqinsi olungaphansi kuka-0.015 ku-[0.4 mm].
I-Tensile Property
Azikho izidingo eziqondile zezakhiwo eziqinile ku-ASTM A214.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ASTM A214 ngokuyinhloko isetshenziselwa ukushintshanisa ukushisa nama-condensers.Ukuklanywa nokusebenza kwalawa madivaysi ngokuvamile akubeki ukucindezela okuphezulu kushubhu.Ngokuphambene, kunakwa okwengeziwe ekhonweni leshubhu lokukwazi ukumelana nokucindezela, izici zalo zokudlulisa ukushisa, nokungagqwali kwalo.
Ukuhlola Ukucaba
Ngepayipi elishiselwe, ubude besigaba sokuhlola obudingekayo abukho ngaphansi kuka-4 ku-(100 mm).
Ukuhlolwa kwenziwe ngezinyathelo ezimbili:
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukuhlolwa kwe-ductility, indawo yangaphakathi noma yangaphandle yepayipi yensimbi, akumele kube nokuqhekeka noma ukuphuka kuze kube yilapho ibanga phakathi kwamapuleti lingaphansi kwenani lika-H elibalwe ngokuvumelana nefomula elandelayo.
H=(1+e)t/(e+t/D)
H= ibanga phakathi kwamapuleti aphansi, ngo. [mm],
t= ukujiya kodonga olucacisiwe lweshubhu, ngaphakathi.[mm],
D= eshiwo ububanzi obungaphandle beshubhu, ngaphakathi. [mm],
e= 0.09(ukuguqulwa ngobude beyunithi ngayinye)(0.09 ngensimbi enekhabhoni ephansi (isilinganiso sekhabhoni esiphezulu esingu-0.18 % noma ngaphansi)).
Isinyathelo sesibili ukuhlola ubuqotho, ezoqhubeka yenziwe isicaba kuze kube yilapho isifanekiso siphuka noma izindonga zamapayipi zihlangana.Kuso sonke isikhathi sokuhlolwa kokucaba, uma kutholakala impahla elamine noma engaphilile, noma uma i-weld ingaphelele, izonqatshwa.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Flange
Ingxenye yepayipi kufanele ikwazi ukuphetshwa ibekwe endaweni kuma-engeli angakwesokudla emzimbeni wepayipi ngaphandle kokuqhekeka noma ukungapheleli okunganqatshwa ngaphansi kwemibandela yokucaciswa komkhiqizo.
Ububanzi be-flange ye-carbon ne-alloy steels akumele bube ngaphansi kwamaphesenti.
| Ngaphandle Ububanzi | Ububanzi be-Flange |
| Ku-2½ku[63.5mm], kuhlanganisa | 15% ye-OD |
| Ngaphezu kuka-2½ kuya ku-3¾ [63.5 kuya ku-95.2], kuhlanganisa | 12.5% ye-OD |
| Ngaphezu kuka-3¾ kuya ku-8 [95.2 kuya ku-203.2], kuhlanganisa | 15% ye-OD |
Reverse Flattening Test
Ishubhu elishiselwe elingu-5 [100 mm] ubude eliqediwe ngosayizi wehle lifike futhi lihlanganise no-½ in. [12.7 mm] ububanzi obungaphandle kufanele lihlukaniswe ngobude libe ngu-90° ohlangothini ngalunye lwe-weld futhi isampula ivulwe futhi yenziwe isicaba weld endaweni ukugoba esiphezulu.
Ngeke kube khona ubufakazi bokuqhekeka kokuntuleka kokungena noma ukugqagqana okuvela ekususweni kwe-flash ku-weld.
Ukuhlolwa kokuqina
Ukuqina kwe-tube akumele kudlule72 HRBW.
Kumashubhu angu-0.200 [5.1 mm] nangaphezulu ebugqileni bodonga, kuzosetshenziswa ukuhlolwa kokuqina kwe-Brinell noma kwe-Rockwell.
Ukuhlolwa kukagesi we-Hydrostatic noma okungabhubhisi kwenziwa epayipini ngalinye lensimbi.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Hydrostatic
Iinani eliphezulu lokucindezelakufanele igcinwe okungenani ama-5 ngaphandle kokuvuza.
Ingcindezi encane yokuhlola i-hydrostatic ihlobene nobubanzi obungaphandle nokuqina kodonga lwepayipi.Ingabalwa ngefomula.
Amayunithi Intshi-Pound: P = 32000 t/DorAmayunithi we-SI: P = 220.6 t/D
P= hydrostatic test pressure, psi noma MPa,
t= ubukhulu bodonga olucacisiwe, ngaphakathi noma mm,
D= kucaciswe ububanzi bangaphandle, in. noma mm.
Ingcindezi yokuhlola ephezulu, ukuze uhambisane nezidingo ezingezansi.
| Ngaphandle Ububanzi be-Tube | I-Hydrostatic Test Pressure, psi [MPa] | |
| OD ＜1 phakathi | OD ＜25.4 mm | 1000 [7] |
| 1≤ OD ＜1½ phakathi | 25.4≤ OD ＜38.1 mm | 1500 [10] |
| 1½≤ OD ＜2 phakathi | 38.≤ OD ＜50.8 mm | 2000 [14] |
| 2≤ OD ＜3 phakathi | 50.8≤ OD ＜76.2 mm | 2500 [17] |
| 3≤ OD ＜5 in | 76.2≤ OD ＜127 mm | 3500 [24] |
| OD ≥5 in | OD ≥127 mm | 4500 [31] |
Ukuhlola Ugesi Okungabhubhisi
Ishubhu ngalinye lizohlolwa ngezindlela zokuhlola ezingalimazi ngokuhambisana ne-Specification E213, Specification E309 (izinto ze-ferromagnetic), i-Specification E426 (izinto ezingezona uzibuthe), noma i-Specification E570.
Idatha elandelayo itholakala ku-ASTM A450 futhi ihlangabezana nezidingo ezifanele zamapayipi ensimbi ashiselwe kuphela.
Ukuchezuka Kwesisindo
0 - +10%, akukho ukuchezuka okuya phansi.
Isisindo sepayipi yensimbi singabalwa ngefomula.
W = C(Dt)t
W= isisindo, Ib/ft [kg/m],
C= 10.69 kuma-Inch Units [0.0246615 for SI Units],
D= eshiwo ububanzi obungaphandle, ngo. [mm],
t= ubuncane obuncane bokujiya bodonga, phakathi. [mm].
Ukuchezuka Kokuqina Kodonga
0 - +18%.
Ukwehluka kokuqina kodonga kwanoma iyiphi ingxenye yepayipi yensimbi engu-0.220 ku- [5.6 mm] nangaphezulu akumele kudlule u-±5 % wobukhulu obuyisilinganiso bangempela bodonga lwaleso sigaba.
Isilinganiso sodonga oluyisilinganiso yisilinganiso sokuqina kodonga oluwugqinsi futhi mncane kunawo wonke esigabeni.
Ukuchezuka Kwedayamitha Ngaphandle
| Ngaphandle Ububanzi | Izinguquko Ezivumelekile | ||
| in | mm | in | mm |
| OD ≤1 | OD ≤ 25.4 | ±0.004 | ±0.1 |
| 1＜ OD ≤1½ | 25.4＜ OD ≤38.4 | ±0.006 | ±0.15 |
| 1½＜ OD ＜2 | 38.1＜ OD ＜50.8 | ±0.008 | ±0.2 |
| 2≤ OD ＜2½ | 50.8≤ OD ＜63.5 | ±0.010 | ±0.25 |
| 2½≤ OD ＜3 | 63.5≤ OD ＜76.2 | ±0.012 | ±0.30 |
| 3≤ OD ≤4 | 76.2≤ OD ≤101.6 | ±0.015 | ±0.38 |
| 4＜ OD ≤7½ | 101.6＜ OD ≤190.5 | -0.025 - +0.015 | -0.64 - +0.038 |
| 7½＜ OD ≤9 | 190.5＜ OD ≤228.6 | -0.045 - +0.015 | -1.14 - +0.038 |
Amafutha aqediwe azoba mahhala.Inani elincane le-oxidation akufanele lithathwe njengesikali.
Ishubhu ngalinye kufanele libhalwe ngokucacile nge-igama lomkhiqizi noma uhlobo, inombolo yokucaciswa, kanye ne-ERW.
Igama lomkhiqizi noma uphawu lungafakwa unomphela eshubhuni ngalinye ngokugingqika noma ngokugxiviza kancane ngaphambi kokujwayelekile.
Uma isigxivizo esisodwa sibekwa eshubhuni ngesandla, lolu phawu akufanele lube ngaphansi kwamamilimitha angu-200 ukusuka ekugcineni kweshubhu.
Ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu nezingcindezi: Amandla okumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu nezingcindezi kuyimpahla ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokushintshanisa ukushisa.
I-conductivity enhle ye-thermal: Izinto zokwakha kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza yale tube yensimbi iqinisekisa ukuqhutshwa kokushisa okuhle kakhulu kwezinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga ukushintshaniswa kokushisa okusebenzayo.
Ukushisela: Enye inzuzo ukuthi bangaxhunywa kahle nge-welding, okwenza ukufakwa nokugcinwa kube lula.
Isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-heaters, ama-condenser, namathuluzi afanayo okudlulisa ukushisa.
1. Izishintshi zokushisa: Ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene zezimboni, izishintshisi zokushisa zisetshenziselwa ukudlulisa amandla okushisa ukusuka oketshezini olulodwa (oketshezi noma igesi) ukuya kolunye ngaphandle kokuwavumela ukuthi ahlangane ngqo.Amashubhu ensimbi e-ASTM A214 asetshenziswa kakhulu kulolu hlobo lwemishini ngoba angakwazi ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi ezingenzeka kule nqubo.
2. Ama-Condensers: Ama-condenser asetshenziswa kakhulu ekukhipheni ukushisa ezinqubweni zokupholisa, isb kumasistimu efriji nama-air-conditioning, noma ukuguqula isitimu sibuyele emanzini eziteshini zikagesi.Zisetshenziswa kulezi zinhlelo ngenxa ye-conductivity enhle yokushisa kanye namandla emishini.
3. Imishini yokushintsha ukushisa: Lolu hlobo lweshubhu yensimbi luphinde lusetshenziswe kwezinye izinto zokushintshanisa ukushisa ezifana nezishintshisi zokushisa kanye nama-condensers, njengama-evaporator nama-coolers.
I-ASTM A179: iwumshini wokushisa wensimbi ongenamthungo odonswa ngokubanda kanye namashubhu e-condenser.Ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezinezinhlelo ezifanayo, njengezishintshisi zokushisa nama-condenser.Nakuba i-A179 ingenamthungo, inikeza izici ezifanayo zokushintsha ukushisa.
I-ASTM A178: Imboza amashubhu ebhayela ensimbi ye-carbon-manganese ene-resistance-welded.Lawa mashubhu asetshenziswa kuma-boilers nama-superheaters, futhi angasetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokushintshanisa ukushisa ezinezidingo ezifanayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kudingeka khona amalungu ashiselwe.
I-ASTM A192: imboza amashubhu ebhayela ensimbi engenamthungo esevisi yokucindezela okukhulu.Nakuba lawa mashubhu ngokuyinhloko ehloselwe ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinomfutho ophezulu kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izinto zazo kanye nezinqubo zokukhiqiza zizenza zifanelekele ukusetshenziswa kwezinye izinto zokudlulisa ukushisa ezidinga ukucindezela okukhulu nokumelana nokushisa.
Singabakhiqizi nabahlinzeki bepayipi lensimbi yensimbi esezingeni eliphezulu abavela eChina, futhi siphinde sibe nesitoko sepayipi sensimbi esingenamthungo, sikunikeza izixazululo eziningi zamapayipi ensimbi!
Nganoma yimiphi imibuzo noma ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana neminikelo yethu, ungangabazi ukusithinta.Izixazululo zakho zepayipi lensimbi ezilungile ziwumlayezo nje!
