I-ASTM: Inhlangano YaseMelika Yokuhlola Nezinto Zokusebenza ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers API: I-American Petroleum Institute 
I-ASTM:I-American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ngaphambilini yayiyi-International Association for Testing Materials (IATM).Ngeminyaka yawo-1880, ukuze kuxazululwe imibono nokwehluka phakathi kwabathengi nabahlinzeki ngenqubo yokuthenga nokudayisa izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini, abanye abantu bahlongoza ukusungula uhlelo lwekomiti lezobuchwepheshe, futhi ikomiti lezobuchwepheshe lahlela abameleli bazo zonke izici ukuba babambe iqhaza kuma-symposium zobuchwepheshe. ukuxoxa nokuxazulula imininingwane ebalulekile., izinqubo zokuhlola nezinye izindaba eziyimpikiswano.Umhlangano wokuqala we-IATM wabanjelwa e-Europe ngo-1882, lapho kwakhiwa khona ikomiti elisebenzayo.
I-ASME: I-American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) yasungulwa ngo-1880. Namuhla isiphenduke inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe engenzi nzuzo yezemfundo nezobuchwepheshe enamalungu angaphezu kwe-125,000 emhlabeni jikelele.Ngenxa yemvelo ekhulayo yezinhlaka ezahlukene emkhakheni wobunjiniyela, ukushicilelwa kwe-ASME kuphinde kunikeze ulwazi ngobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu kuyo yonke imikhakha.Izifundo ezihlanganiswayo zifaka: ubunjiniyela obuyisisekelo, ukukhiqiza, ukuklama uhlelo, njll.
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi amaningi kanye namaqembu ochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe e-United States base beqalile kakade umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukhona ukuphikisana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwabo.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, amakhulukhulu emiphakathi yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano namaqembu wonke akholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukumisa inhlangano ekhethekile yokumisa futhi yakhe izindinganiso ezijwayelekile ezihlanganisiwe.
I-API: I-API isifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute.Yasungulwa ngo-1919, i-API iyinhlangano yokuqala kazwelonke yezamabhizinisi e-United States futhi ingelinye lamagumbi okuqala futhi aphumelela kakhulu ekusetheni okujwayelekile kwezohwebo emhlabeni.
Izibopho ezifanele i-ASTM igxile kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwamazinga ezici nokusebenza kwezinto, imikhiqizo, amasistimu kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kolwazi oluhlobene.Amazinga e-ASTM athuthukiswa amakomiti obuchwepheshe futhi abhalwa amaqembu asebenzayo ajwayelekile.Nakuba izindinganiso ze-ASTM zingamazinga akhiwa amaqembu ezemfundo angekho emthethweni.Okwamanje, amazinga e-ASTM ahlukaniswe abe izigaba eziyi-15 (Izigaba) futhi ashicilelwe ngamavolumu (Umqulu).Ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile namavolumu kumi kanje: Ukuhlukaniswa:
(1) Imikhiqizo yensimbi
(2) Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi
(3) Izindlela zokuhlola nezinqubo zokuhlaziya zezinto zensimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, okothambisa kanye namafutha amaminerali
(6) Amapende, ama-coatings ahlobene nezinhlanganisela ezinamakha
(7) Izindwangu nezinto zokwakha
(8) ipulasitiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Izivikeli zikagesi kanye nemikhiqizo kagesi
(11) Ubuchwepheshe Bamanzi Nezemvelo
(12) Amandla enuzi, amandla elanga
(13) Impahla yezokwelapha nezinkonzo
(14) Amathuluzi kanye nezindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile
(15) Imikhiqizo yezimboni ejwayelekile, amakhemikhali akhethekile nezinto ezisetshenziswayo
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute iyiqembu elingenzi nzuzo lokumisa izinga elingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni.Kodwa empeleni isibe yisikhungo sikazwelonke sokulinganisa;
I-ANSI ngokwayo ayivamile ukuthuthukisa izindinganiso.Ukulungiswa kwezinga layo le-ANSI ikakhulukazi kusebenzisa izindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo:
1. Amayunithi afanelekile anomthwalo wemfanelo wokwenza uhlaka, umeme ochwepheshe noma amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuthi bavote, futhi athumele imiphumela emhlanganweni wokubuyekeza ojwayelekile osungulwe i-ANSI ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi ivunyelwe.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi ukuvota.
2. Abamele amakomiti ezobuchwepheshe e-ANSI namakomiti ahlelwe ezinye izinhlangano babhala okusalungiswa okujwayelekile, okuvotelwe yiwo wonke amalungu ekomidi, futhi ekugcineni babuyekezwa futhi bagunyazwa ikomidi elijwayelekile lokubuyekeza.Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yekomidi.
3. Kusukela kumazinga akhiwe imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yobungcweti nezinhlangano, lezo esezikhulile ngokuqhathaniswa nezibaluleke kakhulu ezweni zinyuselwa kumazinga kazwelonke (ANSI) ngemva kokubuyekezwa amakomiti obuchwepheshe e-ANSI futhi aqanjwe njengamakhodi ajwayelekile nenombolo yezigaba ze-ANSI, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo gcina ikhodi evamile yochwepheshe.
Iningi lamazinga e-American National Standards Institute avela kumazinga ochwepheshe.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yobungcweti nezinhlangano nazo zingakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokusekelwe kumazinga akhona kazwelonke.Kunjalo, ungakwazi futhi ukwakha izindinganiso zakho zokuhlanganisa hhayi ngokwezindinganiso zikazwelonke.Izindinganiso ze-ANSI zingezokuzithandela.I-United States ikholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso eziyisibopho zingakhawulela izinzuzo zokukhiqiza.Kodwa-ke, amazinga ashiwo yimithetho futhi akhiwe iminyango kahulumeni ngokuvamile angamazinga ayisibopho.
I-ASME: Ibambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwezobunjiniyela bemishini kanye nemikhakha ehlobene nayo, ikhuthaza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, ikhuthaza ukushintshana kwezemfundo, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana nabanye ubunjiniyela nezinhlangano, ukwenza imisebenzi yokuma, kanye nokwenza ukucaciswa kwemishini kanye namazinga.Selokhu yasungulwa, i-ASME ihole ekuthuthukisweni kwezindinganiso zemishini, futhi isithuthukise amazinga angaphezu kuka-600 kusukela kuzinga lokuqala lentambo kuze kube manje.Ngo-1911, kwamiswa iKomiti Yeziqondiso Zomshini Wokubhowula, futhi iMachinery Directive yamenyezelwa kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1915. Kamuva, lesi siqondiso sahlanganiswa nemithetho yezifunda ezihlukahlukene naseCanada.I-ASME isiphenduke isikhungo sobunjiniyela emhlabeni wonke ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, imfundo kanye nocwaningo.
I-API: Kuyinhlangano yokusetha ejwayelekile eyaziwa yi-ANSI.Ukulungiselelwa kwayo okujwayelekile kulandela imihlahlandlela yenqubo ye-ANSI yokuhlanganisa nokuthuthukisa.I-API iphinde ithuthukise ngokuhlanganyela futhi ishicilele amazinga nge-ASTM.Amazinga e-API asetshenziswa kabanzi, awamukelwa amabhizinisi aseShayina kuphela, kodwa futhi nemithetho yombuso kanye neyezwe e-United States.Imithetho nama-ejensi kahulumeni afana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, Umnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphepha Nokuphathwa Kwezempilo Emsebenzini, I-US Customs, I-Environmental Protection Agency, i-US Geological Survey, njll., futhi isetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke yi-ISO, International Organization for Legal Metrology nokunye. kunamazinga kazwelonke ayi-100 acashuniwe.I-API: Amazinga asetshenziswa kakhulu, awamukelwanga amabhizinisi e-China kuphela, kodwa futhi ashiwo yimithetho nemithethonqubo yombuso yase-US kanye nezifundazwe, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezifana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, Umnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphepha Kwasemsebenzini kanye Nokuphathwa Kwezempilo. , i-US Customs, i-Ejensi Yokuvikela Imvelo, kanye ne-US Geological Survey.Futhi iphinde icashunwe yi-ISO, i-International Organisation of Legal Metrology kanye namazinga kazwelonke angaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
Umehluko kanye nokuxhumana:Lezi zindinganiso ezine ziyaphelelisana futhi ziyafunda komunye nomunye.Isibonelo, izindinganiso ezithathwe yi-ASME ngokwezinto zokwakha zonke zivela ku-ASTM, amazinga kumavalvu ngokuvamile abhekisela ku-API, futhi amazinga okufakwa kwamapayipi avela ku-ANSI.Umehluko ulele ekugxilweni okuhlukile kwemboni, ngakho-ke amazinga amukelwayo ahlukile.I-API, i-ASTM, ne-ASME wonke amalungu e-ANSI.Iningi lamazinga e-American National Standards Institute avela kumazinga ochwepheshe.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yobungcweti nezinhlangano nazo zingakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokusekelwe kumazinga akhona kazwelonke.Kunjalo, ungakwazi futhi ukwakha izindinganiso zakho zokuhlanganisa hhayi ngokwezindinganiso zikazwelonke.I-ASME awenzi umsebenzi othile, futhi cishe zonke izivivinyo nomsebenzi wokwenza kuqedwa yi-ANSI ne-ASTM.I-ASME ibona kuphela ukucaciswa kokusetshenziswa kwayo, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonakala ukuthi izinombolo ezijwayelekile eziphindaphindiwe ziwukuqukethwe okufanayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Mar-27-2023